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Summary of an article: Article: “Benzaldehyde Formation from Aspartame in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and Transition Metal Catalyst” by Glen D. Lawrence and Dongmei Yuan [] [|doi] __Abstract__:
 * Benzaldehyde reaction with aspartame through the addition of ethanol to the reaction
 * Experiment was conducted and mechanism of aspartame with ascorbic acid was proposed

__Introduction:__
 * Aspartame is a sugar substitute consisting of two amino acids and methanol.
 * Said to be nontoxic if used appropriately, according to the daily allowance.
 * Ascorbic acid well known as a vitamin C, antioxidant and a natural food component in many foods.
 * Studies have been conducted to examine possible products of ascorbic acid from the reaction with aspartame

__Experimental Procedures:__ Reagents: stock solutions with aspartame, phenylalanine, HCl, sodium hydroxide Reaction Conditions: Liquid Chromatography: Gas-Chromatography- MS spec: Solid Phase extraction: __Results:__ __Discussion and Conclusion:__
 * reaction mixtures were placed in 40C water bath
 * varied to study the effects of pH concentration of reagents
 * Product of aspartame wasn’t observed on the graph
 * A high yield of a major product was observed and obtained by the distillation of the mixture
 * Benzaldehyde that formed in the reaction was isolated through the solid phase extraction
 * Benzaldehyde was obtained and identified as a product of aspartame with ascorbic acid
 * Product was obtained at 85C through distillation and analyzed by GC-MS
 * Production of benzaldehyde showed a strong dependence on pH and buffer composition
 * Under acidic conditions, higher yield of benzaldehyde
 * Also nonlinear dependence on initial hydrogen peroxide concentration was observed
 * The yield of benzaldehyde increases with concentration of ascorbic acid
 * When Cu(II) omitted from the reaction mixture, decrease of product observed
 * Study identifies the formation of benzaldehyde as a decomposition product of aspartame
 * Proposed a mechanism and schemes with Cu(II) serving as a catalyst
 * Attempts to measure benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid in the reaction showed no evidence of alcohol present
 * Study concludes that in the presence of aspartame and ascorbic acid, benzaldehyde’s formation was observed

Final Project: Title: "Aspartame and its effects on human health despite controversies surrounding aspartame" __References__:

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">6) Ferland, A., P. Brrassard, and P. Poirrier. "Diabetes Care." // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Is Aspartame Really Safer in Reducing the Risk of Hypoglycemia During Exercise in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes? //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;"> N.p., July 2007. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">9)Jansseen, P., and C. Van Der Heijden. "Aspartame: Review of Recent Experimental and Observational Data." // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Toxicology //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 50.1 (1988): 1-26. Web. 09 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">10)"L-Aspartic Acid." // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">L-Aspartic Acid //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">11)Latjha, A., M. Reilly, and D. Dunlop. "Aspartame Consumption: Lack of Effects on Neural Function." N.p., 17 Jan. 2003. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">[|doi]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">12) Lawrence, G., and D. Yuan. "Benzaldehyde Formation from Aspartame in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid Transition Metal Catalyst." N.p., 1996. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">13) Magnuson, B., and M. Kantor. "Untitled Document." // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Untitled Document //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">14) "Phenylalinine." // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">WebMD //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. WebMD, n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 1.066em;">15) Tada, Y., N. Yano, H. Takahashi, H. Ando, Y. Kubo, A. Nagasawa, S. Uehara, A. Ogata, D. Nakae, and K. Yuzawa. "Toxic Effects of L-aspartic Acid at High Dose Levels on Kidneys and Salivary Glands in Fischer 344 Rats Detected in a 90-day Feeding Study." Toxicology Journal, Aug. 2008. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">17) Tordoff, M., and A. Alleva. "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition." // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Effect of Drinking Soda Sweetened with Aspartame or High-fructose Corn Syrup on Food Intake and Body Weight. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;"> N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. [|doi]

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